Business Tax

Income Tax, Corporation Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Capital Acquisitions Tax, VAT, Stamp Duty, Revenue Audits and Investigations

Are you aware of how many changes to our tax system have been implemented between 1st January 2016 and today?

The Irish tax system is constantly evolving.  The Revenue Commissioners are consistently revising their tax guidance material under all tax heads including Income Tax, CGT, CAT, VAT, PAYE/PRSI/USC, Corporation Tax, Stamp Duty, PSWT, etc.

• eBrief No. 52/2016: Requirement for Security Bonds Section 960 S TCA 1997

• eBrief No. 51/2016: Rental Income

• eBrief No. 50/2016: Recent enhancements to VAT Return of Trading Details (RTD) in ROS

• eBrief No. 49/2016: Tax Treatment of Flight Crew Members

• eBrief No. 48/2016: Non-Filing of Returns – Prosecution and Penalty Programmes

• eBrief No. 47/2016: Revised tax treatment of royalty income, with effect from 1 January 2016, under the terms of the Ireland-Estonia Double Taxation Convention 1997

• eBrief No. 46/2016: Corporation Tax (CT1) Returns for 2015 and 2016, Forms 46G (Company)

• eBrief No. 45/2016: Mandatory eRepayments

• eBrief No. 44/2016: Tax and Duty Manual Part 17-01-03 (Profit Sharing Schemes)

• eBrief No. 43/2016: Clarification of circumstances where a CGT clearance certificate is not required

• eBrief No. 42/2016: VAT – “Cancellation of a registration number – special provisions for notification and publication” (section 108D)

• eBrief No. 41/2016: Termination of carry forward of certain unused capital allowances beyond 2014

• eBrief No. 40/2016: High Income Individuals Restriction – Specified Reliefs

• eBrief No. 39/2016: Disclosure by Revenue of taxpayer information – Finance Act 2015 changes

• eBrief No. 38/2016: Surcharge for Late Submission of Returns

• eBrief No. 37/2016: New appeals process – issuing of Revenue ‘settlement’ letters

• eBrief No. 36/2016: Payment and Receipt of Interest without Deduction of Income Tax

• eBrief No. 35/2016: Tax and Duty Appeals Manual

• eBrief No. 34/2016: Change of Responsibility for e-Tax Clearance from 1st April 2016

• eBrief No. 33/2016: Increased compliance interventions in the construction sector – application of the Reverse Charge for VAT and other matters

• eBrief No. 32/2016: Guidelines for Using the Court Process to Pursue Tax Liabilities

• eBrief No. 31/2016: ROS – Extension of Pay & File Deadline for ROS Customers for 2016

• eBrief No. 30/2016: Commencement of new tax and duty appeals process

• eBrief No. 29/2016: Sub-Postmasters and Social Welfare Branch Managers – Tax and PRSI

• eBrief No. 28/2016: Credit in respect of tax deducted from emoluments of certain directors and employees – Section 997A TCA 1997

• eBrief No. 27/2016: Health Expenses section 469 Taxes Consolidation Act 1997

• eBrief No. 26/2016: Taxation Treatment of Termination Payments on Retirement or Removal from Office or Employment

• eBrief No. 25/2016: Gross Roll-Up Life Assurance Policies

• eBrief No. 24/2016: Order of offset of income tax reliefs, allowances and deductions

• eBrief No. 23/2016: Bus, Rail, and Ferry Passes

• eBrief No. 22/2016: Return by employer of employees who availed of relief under the Special Assignee Relief Programme (SARP)

• eBrief No. 21/2016: Transition to the reformed tax and duty appeals process

• eBrief No. 20/2016: Revenue launches dedicated Tax Avoidance webpage

• eBrief No. 19/2016: Procedures to follow when Issuing S110 VAT Estimates/Amended Estimates

• eBrief No. 18/2016: Agents Guide to Collector-General

• eBrief No. 17/2016: Average Market Mid-Closing Exchange Rates v Euro

• eBrief No. 16/2016: Guidelines for Phased Payment/Instalment Arrangements

• eBrief No. 15/2016: Exemption in respect of certain payments under employment law

• eBrief No. 14/2016: Relief from tax for certain start-up companies

• eBrief No. 13/2016: Finance (Local Property Tax) (Amendment) Act 2015

• eBrief No. 12/2016: VAT on eServices Scheme (VOES) / Electronic Services Scheme (ESS)

• eBrief No. 11/2016: Guidelines on PAYE/PRSI/USC/LPT monthly and annual estimates

• eBrief No. 10/2016: Exemption in respect of water conservation grant

• eBrief No. 09/2016: Exemption in respect of certain expenses of State Examinations Commission examiners

• eBrief No. 08/2016: Exemption in respect of certain expense payments for relevant directors

• eBrief No. 07/2016: ROS Digital Certificate renewals 2016 – reminder to save your new Certificate

• eBrief No. 06/2016: Exemption in respect of fuel grant

• eBrief No. 05/2016: Home Carer Tax Credit

• eBrief No. 04/2016: Taxation of Community Midwives employed by the Health Service Executive

• eBrief No. 03/2016: Finance Act 2015 – Stamp Duty Provisions

• eBrief No. 02/2016: eRCT payments to subcontractors for 12-month period 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015

• eBrief No. 01/2016: Tax Treatment of Married Couples

If you are looking for a qualified Chartered Tax Advisor to help you navigate through the complexities of the Irish tax system, please contact us at queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Capital Gains Tax (CGT), Share Buy Back, Limited Company, Income Tax Treatment, Distributions

What happens in a Share Buy Back Situation?

Providing the shareholder meets the necessary statutory conditions, the company can buy back its shares from that shareholder thereby allowing them to get the benefit of the Capital Gains Tax treatment as opposed to the more costly Schedule F Treatment.  In other words if the CGT Treatment doesn’t apply, any payment for the shares in excess of the amount the company originally received for the subscription of those shares will be treated as a distribution under Section 130 TCA 1997 and will be liable to Income Tax at the shareholder’s marginal rate plus PRSI plus Universal Social Charge.  Generally the only occasions where funds can be extracted from a limited company without the recipient being exposed to tax at his/her marginal rate of income tax are:

(i) on a repayment of capital at par or

(ii) on the sale/disposal of the shares or

(iii) on a liquidation.

What are the typical scenarios?

1. The departure of a disgruntled Shareholder.

2. The retirement of a controlling shareholder who wishes to stand aside and make way for new management/the next generation.

3. Situations where one shareholder wants to continue carrying on the trade, the other shareholder would prefer to exit the business and the company has the necessary funds to buy back its own shares.

4. Access to company surplus funds as part of succession planning

5. An outside shareholder who initially provided equity finance but who now wants the return of that finance.

6. A marriage break-up, etc.

What are the rules as outlined in the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997?

Where an Irish resident company repurchases/redeems/acquires/buys back its own shares then any amount paid to the shareholder in excess of the original price paid at issue will be treated as a distribution under Section 130 TCA 1997.

A more beneficial Capital Gains Tax treatment can be applied under Section 176 TCA 1997 providing certain conditions are met.

S176 – 186 TCA 1997 contain the legislative provisions relating to share buybacks as follows:

• The company must be an unquoted trading company or the unquoted holding company of a trading group.
• The shareholder participating in the share buyback must be both Irish resident and ordinarily resident in the tax year in which the share buyback takes place
• The redemption, repayment or repurchase of the shares must be made wholly or mainly for the benefit of a trade carried on by the company or any of its 51% subsidiaries.  It cannot form part of any scheme or arrangement, the purpose of which is tax avoidance.  In cannot be used to enable the shareholder to extract the profits of the company, or any of its 51% subsidiaries, and avoid being treated as having received a dividend.
• The shareholder must own the shares for a period of at least five years ending on the date of the disposal.
• There must be a substantial reduction in the shareholder’s interest following the buy back. Don’t forget, you must include the shares of (a) the shareholder whose shares have been brought back and (b) any associates of that shareholder.  For completeness, the term “associate” includes husband, wife, civil partner and minor child.  The term “substantially reduced” means that there is a reduction in the nominal value of the participating shareholder’s shares of at least 25%.  Another way of saying it is that the shareholder’s remaining shareholding, following the redemption of the shares, cannot exceed 75% of its value pre Buy Back.
• The shareholder must no longer be connected with the company i.e. the shareholder and his/her associates, together, must own less than 30% of the company post buy back.

Under Section 186 TCA 1997, they cannot hold or be entitled to acquire more than 30% of [s186]:

(a) the ordinary share capital of the company

(b) the loan capital and issued share capital of the company

(c) the voting power in the company or

(d) the assets on a winding up in the company.

Let’s go back to the Trade Benefit Test

The repurchase of its shares by a limited company must be made “wholly or mainly for the purpose of benefiting a trade carried on by the company or any of its 51% subsidiaries”.

Tax Briefing 25 provides guidance on the “Trade Benefit Test:”

(i) It must be shown that the sole or main purpose of the buyback is to benefit a trade carried on by the company or of one of its 51% subsidiaries.
(ii) The Trade Benefit Test would be breached if the sole/main purpose was to benefit the shareholder by reducing his/her tax liability as a result of the more beneficial CGT treatment.
(iii) From the company’s perspective, the test would not be met if the sole/main aim was to benefit any business purpose other than a trade.

Situations where the Buy-Back will benefit the trade include:

Where there is a disagreement between the shareholders of the company over its management and that disagreement is or will negatively impact on the company’s trade if the situation were to continue.  Enabling the shareholder to cease his/her association with the company without having to sell his/her shares to a third party would benefit the company’s trade.

Revenue has listed a number of examples which involves the shareholder selling his/her entire shareholding in the company and making a complete break from the company which would benefit the trade.

Revenue also recognises that the shareholder may wish to significantly reduce his/her shareholding and retain a limited connection which the company.  For example, a shareholder with a majority shareholding  wishes to pass control to his/her children but intends to remain on as director as an immediate departure from the business would have a negative impact on the trade.  In such circumstances it may still be possible for the company to show that the main purpose is to benefit its trade.

In circumstances where a company isn’t certain as to whether the proposed “Buy Back” is deemed to be for the benefit of the trade and providing all the other legislative requirements have been meet, Revenue will issue an advance opinion on whether the Buy Back satisfies the “Trade Benefit Test” if requested.

Are there any situations where the above conditions don’t apply?

The conditions as outlined in Section 176 – 186 TCA 1997 will not apply where the shareholder uses the entire proceeds received from the redemption of the shares to:

(a) Settle his/her inheritance tax liability in respect of those shares.  This must be done on or before 31st October in the year in which the CAT is payable in relation to the inheritance of those shares or

(b) Discharge a debt which arose in order to settle this CAT liability within one week of the buy-back;

AND where the shareholder could not otherwise have discharged the tax liability without incurring undue hardship.

Administration

In the event of a company buying back its own shares or those of its parent company it must file a Return within nine months of the accounting period in which the redemption occurred or within thirty days if requested in writing by the Inspector of Taxes.

The Return must include all payments liable to the Capital Gains Tax Treatment.

If any individual connected with the company is aware of any scheme to avoid the “Connected Person’s Rule” they must notify Revenue within sixty days of becoming aware of that information.

Are there any other issues to be considered?

A liquidation instead of a share buyback might be considered for succession planning purposes.

CGT Retirement Relief and CAT Business Property relief can be used to minimise (a) the tax on the transfer of the business/company by the parent and (b) the gift tax for the child receiving it.

For further information, please click: https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/tdm/income-tax-capital-gains-tax-corporation-tax/part-06/06-09-01.pdf

For all your Capital Gains Tax queries, especially in relation to Share Buy Backs, please contact us on queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Tax Advisor Dublin, Chartered Tax Advisers Ireland, Research and Development Tax Credits

Many Irish SMEs don’t realize they qualify for Research and Development Tax Credits.  Our goal is to demystify the technical requirements and qualify criteria.

Who can claim an R&D Tax Credit?

A company and not a sole trader is entitled to a tax credit for Research & Development.

It is equivalent to 25% of qualifying R&D expenditure incurred in a particular accounting period.

This can be offset against the corporation tax liability.

What about for Accounting periods beginning on or after 1st January 2015?

The base year restriction has been removed, which means the credit is now available on a volume basis as opposed to an incremental basis.

Is the 25% Tax Credit in addition to the normal Case I deductions for trading expenditure?

Yes, it’s in addition to the normal Case I deductions for expenditure incurred against trading income.

This may result in a corporation tax refund.

For a 12.5% taxpayer, this can result in a net subsidy of 37.5%.   In other words,  12.5% corporation tax deduction + 25% R&D tax credit.

It’s important to be aware, however, that certain restrictions apply to limit the extent of the refund.

 What are “Qualifying R&D Activities”?

Revenue guidelines state that qualifying R&D activities must:

• Be systematic, investigative or experimental in nature,

• Be carried out within a Revenue approved field of science and technology,

• Involve basic research, applied research or experimental development,

• Seek to achieve scientific or technological advancement, and

• Involve the resolution of scientific or technological uncertainty

 What areas are considered for “qualifying” R&D Activities?

• Natural sciences including food science, software development, chemical sciences, biological sciences.

• Engineering and technology including mechanical, material, electronic, electrical, and communication engineering, food and drink production.

• Medical sciences including basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences.

• Agricultural sciences including forestry, fisheries, veterinary medicine.

Points in relation to “qualifying” expenditure:

1. Expenditure covered by grant assistance received from the State (i.e. the EU or EEA) does not qualify for the credit.

2. Eligible expenditure includes expenses such as salaries, overheads, materials consumed, etc. which are allowable trading deductions for the purposes of computing corporation tax.

3. Expenditure incurred on plant and machinery may also qualify as R&D expenditure.   To do so, however, it must be eligible for wear and tear capital allowances and must be used for the purposes of R&D activities.

4. Expenditure incurred on R&D activities outsourced to a third-party or to third level institutions may also qualify as R&D expenditure for the purposes of the R&D Tax credit.  This is subject to certain conditions:

• Payment to a third party is limited to the greater of 15% of the company’s overall R&D spend or €100,000.

• The payment to a third level institution/university is limited to the greater of 5% of the company’s overall R&D spend or €100,000.

• Total amount claimed must not exceed the qualifying expenditure incurred by the company itself in the period. „

• The company must notify the third party provider in writing that it cannot also claim the R&D tax credit for the work it has been contracted to carry out.

5. Companies who build or refurbish buildings or structures for both R&D and other activities may claim an R&D tax credit in respect of the portion of the construction and/or refurbishment costs that relate to R&D activities.

• To qualify, the company must be entitled to claim industrial buildings capital allowances on the building. It’s important to bear in mind that the cost of the site is excluded.

• A minimum of 35% of the building must be used for conducting R&D activities for a four year period.

• The building must be used for R&D for a period of ten years.

• The relief will be clawed back if the building is sold or ceases to be used within ten years by the company for research and development activities or for the same trade as when the building is first brought into use.

• An R&D tax credit of 25% of relevant expenditure can be claimed in full in the year in which the building is first put into use for the purpose of the trade.

The order of offset of the R&D Tax Credit is as follows: 

1. Firstly against the current period’s corporation tax liability.

2. Secondly, where the company does not have sufficient corporation tax liability in the current accounting period, that company can make a claim to carry back the unutilised portion of the tax credit against the corporation tax liability of a preceding accounting period of corresponding length.

3. Thirdly, if any portion of the credit remains after making this claim the company can make a claim under Section 766(4B) for a cash refundpayment of this excess in three instalments. Please be aware that this payment is subject to a cap (see below).

4. Finally, any remaining portion of the R&D Tax Credit will be carried forward and offset against the corporation tax liability of the future accounting periods

The amount of cash refund that a company can claim under (Section 7664B) is limited to the greater of:

1. The corporation tax paid by the company during the period of ten years prior to the previous accounting period i.e. prior to the period in which Section 766(4A) TCA 1997 relief is claimed. It’s important to bear in mind that these payments are reduced by any claims already made under Section 766(4B)TCA 1997 in those earlier periods or

2. The sum of the payroll tax liabilities for the period in which the expenditure on R&D was incurred as well as the prior period’s payroll, subject to restrictions if the company has previously made a claim based on its preceding payroll.

Points to keep in mind

• The amount of any payment made by the Revenue Commissioners following a Section 766(4B) claim by a company will not to be treated as income of the company and therefore not included in the CT computation.

• Instead it will be deemed to be a refund of corporation tax.

• By doing this, Revenue Commissioners can offset the payment against any outstanding tax liabilities of the company.

• The company must make a claim for the R&D Tax Credit within twelve months of the end of the accounting period in which the expenditure was incurred.

• If possible the claim should be made when filing the corporation tax return of the relevant accounting period.

• Relief can be claimed for expenditure incurred prior to the commencement of the company’s trading activity.

For further information, please click: https://www.revenue.ie/en/companies-and-charities/documents/research-and-development-tax-credit-guidelines.pdf

For all technical taxation guidance and assistance, please contact us to make an appointment at queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so.. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Business Tax. Corporation Tax. Finance Act. Research & Development. Capital Allowances.

CORPORATION TAX

For all those individuals currently preparing his/her own 2015 Corporation Tax Return, please be aware of the significant changes in Finance Act 2014, especially in the areas of:

1. Research & Development Tax Credits
2. Capital Allowances for the Provision of Specified Intangible Assets
3. Three Year Relief for Start-up Companies
4. Employment and Investment Incentive (EII)
5. Company Residence

Research and Development (R&D) Tax Credit

Up to 1st January 2015, Section 766 TCA 1997 provided that the 25% tax credit applied to the amount of qualifying Research and Development (R&D) expenditure incurred by a company in a given year that was in excess of the amount spent in 2003 (i.e. the base year).

For accounting periods beginning on or after 1st January 2015, the base year restriction has been removed which means the credit is now available on a volume basis as opposed to an incremental basis.

Capital Allowances for the Provision of Specified Intangible Assets

 This provides capital allowances for expenditure incurred by a company on the provision of certain intangible assets for use in a trade.

Up to 1st January 2015 the use of such allowances in any accounting period was restricted to a maximum of 80% of the trading income from the “relevant trade” in which the assets were used.  Another way of wording this is, for accounting periods ending on or before 31st December 2014 only 80% of the income from the “relevant trade” could be sheltered by the capital allowances and interest.

Finance Act 2014 introduced an amendment to this rule stating that for accounting periods beginning on or after 1st January 2015 the restriction has been removed meaning all the “relevant trade” income can now be sheltered.

Finance Act 2014 also introduced the following:

1. a flat five year period for all disposals on or after 23rd October 2014.
2. an amendment to the “connected party” rules stating that from 23rd October 2014 the purchaser can claim capital allowances on the lower of (a) the purchase price paid or (b) the tax written down value.

Three Year Relief for Start-up Companies

 This relief from corporation tax on trading income (and certain capital gains) of new start-up companies in the first three years of trading has been extended to new business start ups in 2015.

Employment and Investment Incentive

The EII is being amended as follows:

1. The amount a company can raise in a lifetime has been increased from €10 million to €15 million (s. 491(2) TCA 1997).
2. The amount a company can raise in EII funds in any one year had been increased from €2.5 million to €5 million (s. 491(4) TCA 1997).
3. The scheme has been expanded to include medium sized enterprises in certain non-assisted areas, the management of nursing homes and IFSC services, subject to certain conditions.
4. The period for which shares in an EII company must be held by an investor to avoid a clawback of the relief has been extended to four years (s. 496(1) and s.488(1) TCA 1997).
5. any claim for EII relief will not be allowed unless, at the time the claim is made, the company in which the investment is made qualifies for a tax clearance certificate

Previously income tax relief was given for 30/41 of the investment made. The remaining tax relief of 11/41 was given in the year after the holding period ended. Finance Act 2014 amended the income tax relief which will now be 30/40 and 10/40 respectively.

Company Residence

Finance Act 2014 introduced amendments to the corporate tax residence rules to address concerns about the “double Irish” structure.

The new rules state that an Irish-incorporated company will be regarded as Irish tax resident here unless it is deemed to resident in another country under the terms of a Double Taxation Agreement.  Therefore if, under the provisions of that treaty, an Irish-incorporated company is considered to be tax resident in another jurisdiction then the company will not be regarded as Irish tax resident.

These changes are in addition to the existing “central management and control test” which means that the new legislation does not prevent  a non-Irish incorporated company that is managed and controlled in Ireland from being considered resident for tax purposes in Ireland.

The new provisions take effect from 1st January 2015 for companies incorporated on or after 1st January 2015.

For companies incorporated before 1st January 2015, the new provisions will come into effect from 1st January 2021.

As an anti-avoidance measure, however, the new legislation take effect for companies incorporated before 1st January 2015 where there is (a) a change in the ownership of the company as well as (b) a major change in the nature or conduct of the business of the company within the time-frame that begins one year before the date of the change of ownership and ending five years after that date i.e. occurring within a period of up to six years.

The aim of this anti-avoidance provision was to restrict the incorporation of companies between 23rd October 2014 and 31st December 2014 to 1st January 2015 where the primary intention was to avail of the extension.

It is always essential to keep up to date with changes to the Finance Act especially if you are preparing your own tax returns.

For further information, please click: https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/documents/notes-for-guidance/vat/vat-guidance-notes-fa2014.pdf

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Tax Advice for Revenue Audits, Compliance Interventions, Reviews, Investigations under all Tax Heads

Today, 20^th November 2015, the Revenue Commissioners published eBrief 112/15, the updated and new version of the Code of Practice for Revenue Audit and other Compliance Interventions.  It covers types of intervention, audit procedures, tax and duty defaults, tax avoidance, prosecution, etc.

The main changes include the following:

• Paragraph 1.10.5 states that a Revenue officer may, under Section 851A TCA 1997, disclose taxpayer information to a professional body to report a tax agent/practitioner in situations where the Revenue officer is satisfied that the work carried out by the agent/practitioner does not comply with the professional standards of that representative body.

• Paragraph 3.16 details the term “full cooperation.” There is a list of what constitutes “full cooperation” as well as what is deemed to be a lack or failure to cooperate fully with Revenue.  This revised Audit Code focuses on the importance of “full cooperation” in this paragraph as well as in the tables of penalties.

• New chapter 8 outlines tax law, Revenue policy and procedures for regularising tax and duty liabilities that arise due to certain types of tax avoidance. Paragraph 8.6 deals with the concept of a Qualifying Avoidance Disclosure.  This is separate and distinct from the information on disclosure as outlined in Chapter 3.

• Paragraph 5.4.1 of the Code has been revised to reflect the amendment in Finance Act 2014 in relation to the Surcharge for Late Submission of Returns (Income Tax, Corporation Tax and Capital Gains Tax). It states “Section 1084 also provides that the filing, on time, of an incorrect return, either carelessly or deliberately, is deemed to be late filing.”

• Inclusion of Legislation for Tax Avoidance Surcharge in Appendix III. It states that under Section 811D TCA 1997 “Where a ‘tax avoidance surcharge’ is not agreed or an agreed ‘tax avoidance surcharge’ is not paid, a relevant court will make a determination regarding liability to a ‘tax avoidance surcharge’. While the surcharge applied by Section 811D TCA 1997 is not a penalty it is collected as a penalty.”

• In cases where compliance intervention notices have been given but have not been settled before the 20th November 2015, the taxpayer has the option of choosing whether the settlement be made under the terms of the 2015 Code of Practice for Revenue Audit and other Compliance Interventions or the Code of Practice for Revenue Audit and other Compliance Interventions of 14th August 2014.

For further information, please click:https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/documents/code-of-practice-revenue-audit-2015.pdf

What can we do for you?

Revenue Compliance Interventions, Audits and Investigations arise mainly due to inaccuracies and inconsistencies in taxpayers’ submissions.  An automated process can also randomly select individuals and businesses in a small number of cases.  They can be costly and may result in publication on the Revenue’s Tax Defaulters list or even prosecution.  We offer a pre-audit review or compliance check as well as full and comprehensive support throughout the entire Audit process.  Our aim is to assist in minimizing the consequences of any tax underpayments and to achieve the best possible outcome.

For further information, please contact us on queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Chartered Tax Advisors, qualified Accountants, Payroll Providers, Help with Preparing Tax Returns, Employee/Employer Taxes, Personal Taxes

The Minister for Finance Michael Noonan T.D. presented his 2016 Budget yesterday.   As you can appreciate, Accountants and Chartered Tax Advisors have widely anticipated this Budget.  In it, he outlined a wide range of changes to the Irish tax system with particular emphasis on:

(i) personal taxation,

(ii) initiatives to begin equalising the tax treatment of the self-employed and employees

(iii) as well as steps to support businesses in Ireland.

We will outline the key features of yesterday’s Budget below.

PERSONAL TAX

Universal Social Charge

The Government introduced comprehensive changes to the Universal Social Charge for 2016, aimed at reducing the tax burden on low and middle income earners.

The entry threshold for Universal Social Charge (“USC”) will be increased from €12,012 to €13,000.

Otherwise, rates of USC will be reduced as follows:

• For Income up to €12,012 – Rates reduced from 1.5% to 1%.

• Income from €12,013 to €18,668 – Rates reduced from 3.5% rate to 3%.

• The Income between €18,669 – 70,044 – Rates reduced from 7% to 5.5%

• Income between €70,045 – €100,000 – 8% (no change)

• PAYE Income in excess of €100,000 – 8% (no change)

• Self-employed income in excess of €100,000 – 11% (no change)

The top rate USC exemption will be retained for all medical card holders and individuals aged seventy years and older providing their total income does not exceed €60,000.

 Income Tax

There have been no changes to the income tax rates and bands.

 PRSI (Pay Related Social Insurance) 

Budget 2016 introduced a tapered PRSI tax credit for employees up to €624 per annum.

The entry point to the higher rate of employers’ PRSI of 10.75% will be increased to €376 per week.  This will be a welcome introduction by all employers.  The reason for this tapered PRSI credit being introduced, is to ensure low income earners benefit from the increase to the minimum wage, which will take effect in January 2016.

The credit applies to individuals earning between €18,304 and €22,048 per annum.  it will be subject to a maximum of €12 per week.

Earned Income Tax Credit

The government will be introducing an Earned Income Tax Credit of €550 per annum in 2016.  The aim is to equalise the tax treatment of the self employed with employees paid through the PAYE system.

This new tax credit will be available to individuals who are not eligible for the PAYE Tax Credit.  This includes:

(i) those earning self employed trading or professional income (subject to Income Tax under Cases I and II Schedule D)

(ii) individuals in receipt of Case III Schedule D income as well as

(iii) business owners who, up to now, didn’t qualify for a PAYE credit on their salary.

 Pensions

There was no reference made to tax relief on pensions in this Budget.

The “additional” pension levy of 0.15% will expire at the end of 2015.

Please be aware that the original 0.6% pension levy ended in 2014.

 Home Carer’s Tax Credit

The Home Carer’s Tax credit increased by €190 to €1,000 per annum.

1. An income tax credit worth up to €5,000 per annum for five years was introduced for family farming partnerships to facilitate the transfer of family farms to the next generation.

2. There was an extension of general and young farmers’ stock relief for a further three years.

3. Profits or gains from the occupation of woodlands are being removed from the High Earners’ Restriction.

New tax measures aimed at encouraging and supporting entrepreneurs and small business owners:

• The introduction of a Knowledge Development Box to provide for a 6.25% corporation tax rate on profits arising to certain IP assets which are the result of qualifying R&D activity that is carried out in Ireland. The Minister stated today that the KDB would add “a further dimension to our ‘best in class’ competitive corporation tax offering, which includes the 12.5% headline rate; the R&D tax credit; and the intangible asset regime.”

• The Start-up Relief from corporation tax is being extended for new start-ups commencing to trade over the next three years.  This relief applies where the total corporation tax payable for a period does not exceed €40,000 and the amount of relief available is linked to employer’s PRSI.

• The amendments to the Enterprise and Investment Incentive Scheme (EII) announced in Budget 2015 took effect from midnight. They have been pending EU State Aid approval for the past year.  These included an increase in the annual limit companies can raise to €5 million and an increase in the lifetime cap to €15 million. Investments in the extension, management and operation of nursing homes will also qualify for the EII.

• The cap on eligible expenditure for Film Relief is being increased from €50 million to €70 million subject to State Aid approval.

• The entry point to the top rate of employer’s PRSI increases by €20 per week to €376 per month.

• The scheme of capital allowances for the construction of facilities used in the maintenance, repair, and overhaul and dismantling of aircraft is being amended to comply with State Aid rules. The scheme is also being commenced with effect from Budget night.

 CAPITAL TAXES

• A 20% Capital Gains Tax rate will to apply to the disposal in whole or in part of a business up to an overall limit of €1million in chargeable gains.

• Other than the reduced rate of CGT which applies to the disposal of a business, there has been no change to the Capital Gains Tax rate of 33%.

• The Group A threshold for capital acquisition tax will be increased from €225,000 to €280,000 with effect from 14th October 2015. The Group A threshold typically applies to transfers between parents and their children. The current Class B and Class C thresholds remain unchanged and there has been no change to the CAT rate of 33%.

 Local Property Tax (LPT)

The Budget has extended the Local Property Tax revaluation date for the Local Property Tax from 2016 to 2019. This follows recommendations in the “Review of the Local Property Tax” report which has also recommended exemptions for properties significantly affected by pyrite.

NAMA is to deliver 20,000 houses between now and 2020. 90% of these in the Dublin area and 75% of the overall total will be starter homes.

OTHER CHANGES 

1. The Home Renovation Incentive is being extended until 31 December 2016.

2. The existing €5 Stamp Duty on Debit/ATM cards is to be replaced with a 12 cent charge for ATM transactions.  This is subject to a cap of €2.50 or €5 depending on the card type.

3. The reduced 9% rate for the tourism and hospitality sector will be retained.

4. There will be no changes to the reduced VAT rate of 13.5% or the standard VAT rate of 23% in 2016.

FINAL POINT

This is the first time since the Budget in April 2009 that the marginal rate for middle income earners has fallen below the 50% rate.

UK Taxes. International, Cross Border, Ex-pat Taxes, Business, Personal, Capital Gains Tax

When faced with a large tax bill and the administrative burden of having to file Tax Returns in two jurisdictions, people always regret not getting professional taxation advice BEFORE they completed the transaction.  Over the past number of years I’ve been contacted by several Irish citizens returning home from the UK where they’ve lived and worked for a number of years.  In the majority of cases, these individuals have had difficulty selling their UK homes and, as a result, may have rented them out for a number of years until a suitable buyer was found.  The main question they asked was “Do I have an Irish and a UK Capital Gains Tax liability?”

Up until 5^th April 2015 the UK domestic law did not impose a Capital Gains Tax liability on non residents which meant if you were Irish resident, for example, then you had no exposure to UK CGT on the sale or disposal of a UK asset.  Because the UK domestic tax law didn’t and couldn’t impose a charge to UK CGT on the disposal of the asset by a non-resident then the Double Taxation Treaty didn’t need to be consulted but the individual would have a CGT liability in their place of residence.  Under Section 29(2) Taxes Consolidated Acts 1997, an Irish resident individual only paid Capital Gains Tax in Ireland.

From 5^th April 2015 the UK Government amended the taxation of gains made by non-residents disposing of UK residential property.

The New UK Rules

The new CGT charge on non-residents deals with “property used or suitable for use as a dwelling” and will include residential property used for letting purposes.

There are, of course, exclusions for certain types of property in communal use which include boarding schools, nursing homes and certain types of student accommodation.

What differentiates this new charge from the existing ATED-related CGT charge is that all residential property falling within the definition comes within the scope of this new legislation regardless of the value of the property.

The existing ATED-related CGT charge limited the charge to properties where the consideration on sale/disposal exceeded a specified “threshold amount” which for all gains arising on or after 6^th April 2015 is £1m.

So, who will be affected by this new charge?

The charge will apply to gains made by

• Individuals

• Trustees

• Closely held non-resident companies

• Funds – to the extent that these gains are not within the ATED-related CGT charge

Who will not be affected by this new charge?

Companies and funds which are not closely-held as well as the majority of institutional investors.

Tax rates (UK)

The tax rates for the new CGT charge on non-residents are the same for UK residents who pay CGT at their marginal rate of Income Tax.

What does that mean?

For taxpayers paying at a Basic Rate, the rate will be 18%

For taxpayers liable at the higher/additional rate, it will be 28%.

For non-residents, the rate will depend on their total UK Income and Gains.

Is there an Annual Exemption?

The annual exempt amount for gains of £11,000 is also be available to non-residents.

Paying and Filing (UK)

In circumstances where the non resident person has an “existing relationship” with HMRC and providing the disposal is not exempt, they will be required to file a self-assessment Tax Return following the end of the tax year and make the relevant payment within the usual deadline dates.

A person who does not have an “existing relationship” must submit a Tax Return and make the appropriate tax payment within thirty days.

What about Tax Returns requiring Amendments?

Amendments or changes to these Tax Returns are allowable within the twelve months following the normal filing date for the tax year in which the disposal is made.

In Summary

• For non-residents disposing of UK residential property, Capital Gains Tax was not an issue up until 6th April 2015.

• With the introduction of the new legislation, which takes from 6th April 2015, non resident individuals, trustees and/or closely held companies or funds may be exposed to a UK CGT Charge.

• Non-resident individuals, trustees or closely-held entities can avoid a CGT charge on a disposal of UK residential property where the property qualifies for Principal Private Residence Relief.

• The new legislation governing Principal Private Residence Relief has prevented some non-residents from claiming the CGT relief.

• Under this new rule, a residence will not qualify for PPR for a tax year unless (a) the person making the disposal is tax resident in the country where the property is located for that tax year or (b) the person spent at least 90 days in that property in that tax year.

• Non-residents can defer the payment of the CGT due until the self-assessment filing date provided they register with HMRC.

For further information, please click: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/capital-gains-tax-for-non-residents-calculating-taxable-gain-or-loss

If you have returned from the UK and you are looking for accurate and up-to-date UK Tax advice or you are seeking UK Tax Consultants with specific HMRC experience, please contact us at queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) Payments, Disposal of an asset, Investment, Shares, Property, Business Sales.

If you’ve already made or about to make a disposal of a capital asset (e.g. if you have sold certain shares, an investment property, a business, etc.) anytime  between 1^st January and 30^th November 2014 you will be obliged to pay your Capital Gains Tax by 15^th December 2014.  If you decide to wait and dispose of your asset between 1^st December and 31^st December 2014 then your Capital Gains Tax (CGT) payment will be due by 31^st January 2015.

 What happens if you miss these deadlines?

 Interest of 0.0219% per day will be applied to all late payments of Capital Gains Tax.

 What happens if you make a gain in the first part of the year and a loss in the second part?

 Even if you’ve made an overall loss for the year, you will be obliged to pay the Capital Gains Tax arising on any gain you’ve made in the first part of 2014 by the specific payment date being 15^th December 2014.

 You can then submit your claim for a tax refund in January 2015 if a loss arises in the second part of the year.

 Any tax saving tips?

 Plan the timing of your disposals so that capital gains and capital losses arise in the same period thereby enabling you to offset the losses against the gains and effectively reduce any potential tax liability.

 This can be very useful from a cash flow point of view.

 What about filing obligations?

 You must include details of all your capital acquisitions and/or disposals made in 2013 in your 2013 Income Tax Return. 

 This Return must be filed with Revenue by 31^st October 2014.

 There is an extension to 13^th November 2014 if you are using the Revenue Online System (ROS).

 What happens to individuals who are not obliged to file an Income Tax Return?

 You may file a CG1 Form which can be downloaded from the Irish Revenue website www.revenue.ie

 As with the Income Tax Return, the due date for filing is 31^st October 2014.

 Please be aware, there is no facility to file this Form online which means the 13^th November 2014 extension does not apply to the CG1 Form.

Are there any penalties for late filing?

 If you are late filing your Tax Return but manage to do before 31^st December 2014 there will be a 5% surcharge of the amount of tax payable up to a maximum of €12,695.00.

 If you file your Return after 31^st December 2014 a 10% surcharge will be levied up to a maximum amount of €63,485.00.

For further information, please click: https://www.revenue.ie/en/gains-gifts-and-inheritance/transfering-an-asset/index.aspx

For all your Capital Gains Tax advisory or compliance issues, please contact us on queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie.

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

Revenue Tax Audits, Compliance Interventions and Investigations. Code of Practice for Revenue Audit

The Irish Revenue Commissioners introduced a revised Code of Practice for Revenue audits and other compliance interventions, effective from 14^th August 2014.  This updated document replaces the 2010 Code of Practice.  Where a tax compliance intervention notice has issued but a settlement was not been reached before 14th August 2014, you, the taxpayer, have the option to choose whether the settlement is made under the terms of (i) the 2014 Code of Practice for Revenue Audit & other Compliance Interventions or (ii) the 2010 Code of Practice for Revenue Audit.

The following are some of the key changes introduced in Revenue’s new Code of Practice for Revenue Audit and other Compliance Interventions:

• Revenue will now generally focus on a single year or single period where specific risk has been identified. Previously compliance interventions were carried out over multiple years or periods, especially in relation to the National Contractors Project.  Under the new code of practice, the scope of the audit or intervention will be extended in circumstances where material risks have been identified, using a range of data sources covering a number of years or tax periods.

• The Code will apply to more taxes including Local Property Tax.

• Paragraph 3.5 acknowledges that there may be exceptional circumstances where a “no loss of revenue” claim may be considered in relation to non-VAT and RCT cases. The onus of proof, however, rests with the Taxpayer and/or the Tax Agent.

• Paragraph 5 deals with the Surcharge for the late submission of Tax Returns. Clarification has been provided in paragraph 5.4.1 in relation to Income Tax, Corporation Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Capital Acquisitions Tax and Local Property Tax stating “…a late filing surcharge will not be sought where the return was filed on or before the specified return date and a tax-geared penalty was applied to a settlement.”

• Paragraphs 19.1 and 19.1. outline new protocols for e-audits. These include notification procedures, the format of pre-audit meetings for the purposes of reviewing electronic records as well as the data security policy.

• Paragraph 5.8 provides clarification that where there is no clear cause for the delay in finalising the audit or compliance intervention, Revenue cannot delay or withhold taxpayer’s entitlement to credits or refunds of tax.

For further information, please click: https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/documents/code-of-practice-revenue-audit-2014.pdf

What we can do for you

We have a wealth of experience in successfully dealing with Revenue audits, compliance interventions and investigations.  We can assist you to effectively prepare for the intervention, interact/liaise with Revenue and discuss/negotiate settlements, on your behalf.

Our professional services include carrying out detailed VAT and Employer/Payroll Tax Reviews to identify areas of non-compliance, exposure, risk, potential improvements and cost savings, etc.

For further details as to how we can help, please contact us at queries@accountsadvicecentre.ie

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.

VAT for IT Companies. Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS). EU VAT. Electronically Supplied Services. B2B and B2C supplies. Reverse Charge Rules

For many businesses moving to Ireland, especially I.T. companies, a considerable amount of research and planning into our tax regime is usually carried out in advance.  From experience, however, the question these companies rarely ask themselves is “what are the key VAT issues affecting our company if we locate to Ireland?  This article will examine EU VAT rules for businesses (B2B) and private consumers (B2C), the Reverse Charge Rule, electronically supplied services, Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS), VAT Compliance, etc.

The current Irish VAT rules are as follows:

• The place of supply for businesses established in the E.U. who provide electronically supplied services to private consumers within the E.U. is the E.U. member state in which the supplier is established.  For example, if an I.T. company established in Ireland supplies digital materials via the market to a private consumer living in France, the place of supply will be Ireland and the Irish business will be liable to charge and account for VAT @ 23%.

• The general rule for B2B transactions is that the place of supply of an electronically supplied service is the E.U. member state in which the business customer is established.  In this situation the customer must account for VAT under the “Reverse Charge Rule.”

• For B2B transactions where the supply of electronically supplied services is made to a Business Customer outside the E.U. there are no VAT implications.

• For businesses established in the E.U. to a non-taxable consumer outside the E.U., the place of supply of electronically supplied services is where that person usually resides or has a permanent address.

• For businesses established outside the E.U. to a private, non-taxable consumer within the E.U., the place of supply of electronically supplied services is where the consumer normally resides.  For example, if a U.S. based business supplies software material via the market to an Irish consumer, then the place of supply will be in Ireland.

What does that mean to the Supplier or I.T. Business/Company?

The supplier of these services will be obliged to register and account for VAT in every E.U. member state in which they have private, non-taxable customers.  There is, however, a “Special Scheme” where non E.U. businesses need only register in one E.U. state.

When we talk about “electronically supplied services” we mean:

• Website supply, web hosting, distance programme and equipment maintenance.
• Software supply and upgrades.
• Supply of distance teaching.
• Supply of film, games and music.
• Supply of artistic, cultural, political, scientific and sporting as well as entertainment broadcasts and events.
• Supply of images, text and information and making databases available.

There is a more detailed definition of “electronically supplied services” in Article 7 of Council Implementing Regulation of 15^th March 2011 (282/2011/EU).

For further information, please click: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2011/282/oj/eng

If a U.S. software company supplies software upgrades to private clients in twenty eight E.U. member states, does that company have to register in every one of those states?

The “Special Scheme” is optional and enables a non E.U. supplier making supplies of electronically supplied services to private, non-taxable individuals within the E.U. choose one E.U. state in which to register and pay VAT in respect of the supplies it makes within and throughout the E.U.

For example, a U.S. business/company supplies web hosting services to private consumers in Ireland, the UK and Germany.  The U.S. business can opt to register for the “Special Scheme” in Ireland which means:

• it charges Irish VAT to its Irish customers.
• it charges UK VAT to its UK customers and
• it charges German VAT to its German customers
• it registers in Ireland using ROS (Revenue Online System).
• it prepares and files a single quarterly VAT Return and pays all the relevant VAT to the Irish VAT authorities.
• The Irish VAT Revenue then distributes the UK VAT to the UK Revenue Authorities and the German VAT to the German Tax Authorities.

The U.S. I.T. business/company is eligible to use this scheme if it is not established in the E.U. and if it is not registered or required to be registered for VAT in any other E.U. member state.

From 1 January 2015, supplies of telecommunications, broadcasting and electronically supplied services made by EU suppliers to private, non-taxable individuals and non-business customers will be liable to VAT in the customer’s Member State.

The current place of supply/taxation is where the supplier is located, but from 1st January 2015 this will move to the place of consumption or the place where the consumer normally resides or is established.

Suppliers of such services will need to determine where their customers are established or where they usually reside.  They will need to account for VAT at the rate applicable in that Member State.  This is a requirement regardless of the E.U. state in which the Supplier is established or is VAT registered.

As a result of these changes, suppliers may need to register for VAT in every EU Member States in which they have customers. As there are no minimum thresholds for VAT registration, making supplies to a single customer in one Member State will necessitate VAT registration in that country.

With effect from 1^st January 2015, the Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS) will be introduced which means that instead of having to register in each E.U. member state, the supplier will have the option of declaring and paying the VAT due for all the member states in the E.U. state where the business is established via a single electronic declaration which can be filed with the tax authority in the state where the supplier is established.

The Mini One Stop Shop or MOSS scheme will be similar to the “Special Scheme” which is currently in place for non E.U. suppliers. It will allow for VAT on Business to Consumer supplies made in all or any of the twenty eight E.U. Member States to be reported in one electronic return.

What needs to be considered prior to the introduction of the Mini One Stop Shop or MOSS Scheme on 1^st January 2015 by businesses already established in Ireland or thinking about establishing in Ireland?

• It is essential to examine your contract to establish who exactly is paying you and if your customer is a taxable or non taxable person.  This is particularly important in the context of undisclosed agents / commissionaire structures, etc.

• You must determine where your B2C customers are located.  Your business may require additional contractual provisions and amendments to your systems to include this information.

• It is important to examine the impact of the different VAT rates in each E.U. member state on your margins.  This may require revising your pricing structure.

• What are the invoicing rules in other member states?

• What about compliance issues in individual E.U. member states?

• Are there any occasions in which you need to register in an individual member state?

One of the biggest problems envisaged with the MOSS systems is identifying the location of the customer.

It is essential for suppliers to correctly identify the customer’s location/permanent address/usual residence so they can charge the correct VAT rate applicable in that member state.

For most telecommunication, broadcasting and electronically supplied services, it will be obvious where the customer resides. The decision about the place of supply of those services should be supported by two pieces of non-contradictory evidence including credit card details and a billing address for example.

It is anticipated that there will be situations where the consumer’s location is less obvious.  As a result, the following rules have been compiled between the Member States to help businesses ascertain the place of supply in B2C TBE transactions.

According to the Irish Revenue website:

• ^{“If the service is provided at a telephone box, a telephone kiosk, a Wi-Fi hot spot, an internet café, a restaurant or a hotel lobby, the consumer location will be the place where the services are provided. Note: this rule applies to the initial service only (i.e. the connection to the telecom or internet service) and not to any over-the-top services delivered using the connection (e.g. downloading of games onto a laptop at a Wi-Fi hotspot);}
•  ^{If the service is supplied on board transport travelling between different countries in the EU (for example, by boat or train), the consumer location will be the country of departure for the journey;}
•  ^{If the service is supplied through an individual customer’s telephone landline, the consumer location will be the place where the landline is located;}
•  ^{If the service is supplied through a mobile phone, the consumer location will be identified by the country code of the SIM card;}
•  ^{If a broadcasting service is supplied through a decoder without the use of a fixed land line, the consumer location will be where the decoder is located or the postal address where the viewing card is sent.”}

In situations where the consumer advises you that they reside in a different location than previously thought, the supplier can change the place of supply but only if the consumer can produce three pieces of non-contradictory evidence to support that change of place of supply.

The evidence to be used in deciding the place of supply may vary depending on the industry but the most usual types of proof include the customer’s billing address, the address on his/her bank accounts, the IP address, etc.

For further information, please click:

https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/tax-briefing/index.aspx

https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/ebrief/index.aspx

Please be aware that the information contained in this article is of a general nature.  It is not intended to address specific circumstances in relation to any individual or entity. All reasonable efforts have been made by Accounts Advice Centre to provide accurate and up-to-date information, however, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate on the date it is received or that it will continue to remain so. This information should not be acted upon without full and comprehensive, specialist professional tax advice.